The domestication of grapes dates back five thousand years ago and has spread to nearly all continents. In recent years, grape acreage has increased dramatically in new regions, including the United States of America, Chile, Asia (China and India), and Turkey. A major limiting factor to the sustained production of premium grapes and wines is infections by viruses. The advent of powerful molecular and metagenomics technologies, such as molecular cloning and next generation sequencing, allowed the discovery of new viruses from grapes. To date, grapevine is susceptible to 64 viruses that belong to highly diverse taxonomic groups.

• infectious degeneration

• leafroll disease complex

• rugose wood complex

Recently, two new disease syndromes have been recognized: Syrah decline and red blotch. Losses due to fanleaf degeneration are estimated at $1 billion annually in France alone. Other diseases including leafroll, rugose wood, Syrah de cline and red blotch can result in total crop loss several years post-infection. This situation is further exacerbated by mixed infections with multiple viruses and other biotic as well as adverse abiotic environmental conditions, such as drought and winter damage, causing even greater destruction.

The book builds upon the last handbook (written over twenty years ago) on the part of diagnostics and extensively expands its scope by inclusion of molecular biology aspects of select viruses that are widespread and economically most important. This includes most current information on the biology, transmission, genome replication, transcription, subcellular localization, as well as virus-host interactions. It also touches on several novel areas of scientific inquiry. It also contains suggested directions for future research in the field of grapevine virology.

Grapevine Viruses, Molecular Biology, Diagnostics and Management

The Grapevine, Viticulture, and Winemaking: A Brief Introduction

A. G. Reynolds

An Overview on Grapevine Viruses, Viroids, and the Diseases They Cause

G. P. Martelli

Grapevine fanleaf virus and Other Old World Nepoviruses

M. Digiaro

Molecular, Cellular, and Structural Biology of Grapevine fanleaf virus

C. Schmitt-Keichinger

American Nepoviruses

A. Rowhani

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1

R. A. Naidu

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2

E. Angelini

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3

J. T. Burger

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4

N. Aboughanem-Sabanadzovic

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 7

M. Al Rwahnih

Grapevine Vitiviruses

A. Minafra

Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus

B. Meng

Viruses Involved in Graft Incompatibility and Decline

A. Rowhani

Grapevine Red Blotch: Molecular Biology of the Virus and Management of the Disease

E. Cieniewicz

Grapevine vein clearing virus: Diagnostics, Genome, Genetic Diversity, and Management

W. Qiu

Grapevine fleck and similar viruses

S. Sabanadzovic

Grapevine Pinot gris virus

P. Saldarelli

Other Grapevine Viruses of Lesser Economic Importance

G. P. Martelli

Viroids Infecting the Grapevine

F. Serio

Biological Assays

A. Rowhani

Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods for the Detection of Grapevine Viruses and Viroids

A. Rowhani

The Effects of Viruses and Viral Diseases on Grapes and Wine

F. Mannini

Vector Transmission of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses

E. Herrbach

Ectoparasitic Nematode Vectors of Grapevine Viruses

P. Andret-Link

Management of Grapevine Leafroll Disease and Associated Vectors in Vineyards

G. Pietersen

Improvement of Grapevine Planting Stock Through Sanitary Selection and Pathogen Elimination

D. A. Golino

Regulatory Aspects of Grape Viruses and Virus Diseases: Certification, Quarantine, and Harmonization

D. A. Golino

Novel Approaches for Viral Disease Management

M. Fuchs

High-Throughput Sequencing: Advantages Beyond Virus Identification

P. Saldarelli

Biotechnology Applications of Grapevine Viruses

V. V. Dolja

Evolutionary Aspects of Grapevine Virology

V. V. Dolja

Concluding Remarks and Future Directions

G. P. Martelli